Employing in
Cambodia

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Expanding into
Cambodia

Global expansion is a step to make for any business, regardless of what you wish to achieve. The opportunities that can come with an expansion can be both incredibly exciting as well as intimidating and confusing, especially when you consider all the registration procedures that need to be done and the documentation required.

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The Kingdom of Cambodia – known in the official Khmer language as Kampuchea – is a Southeast Asian nation bordering Thailand, Laos and Vietnam, with a coastline on the Gulf of Thailand.  The economy is heavily dependent on tourism and textiles, which together made it one of the world’s fastest-growing economies in the 20 years up to 2019, according to the World Bank.

Growth averaged 7.7% during this period and rebounded post-pandemic with a rate of 5.2% predicted for 2023, as Cambodia seeks to reach middle-income status by 2030. Consumer demand is accelerating, fueling a rapidly-developing services sector. The tourism sector, boosted by a greater number of Chinese visitors after COVID restrictions were relaxed, has recovered strongly and is attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).

Each new markets bring new challenges, and these can be worked through more efficiently and cost-effectively with the support of a Professional Employer Organisation (PEO) such as Bradford Jacobs, especially through our Employer of Record (EOR) framework.

This can be best utilised when businesses are just beginning their expansion process and require more information before committing to incorporating an entity and fully establishing themselves in that market.

Country EOR Guide - Bradford Jacobs

Download our Guide to Cambodia

Learn all about expanding into Cambodia and see what we can do to make your expansion easier.

Download our Guide to Cambodia

Learn all about expanding into Cambodia and see what we can do to make your expansion easier.

Country EOR Guide - Bradford Jacobs

Hiring Staff
in Cambodia

Hiring Staff
in Cambodia

The Main Sectors of the Cambodian Economy

The country focuses on the following key sectors, which all have a significant impact on the country’s economy:

The sector has been lifted by pent-up consumer demand being released after the pandemic, reflected in hospitality and hotel accommodation, food services, wholesale and retail trade and a jump in the numbers of foreign tourists. Increased digital awareness has led to advances in banking, insurance and finance activities, along with business services, real estate, education and healthcare. The services sector is a strong magnet for FDI.

Clothing, textiles, travel goods and footwear are by far the major components of Cambodia’s manufacturing sector and contribute between 70% and 80% to exports and roughly 35% to GDP. The Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation stated that manufacturing output overall reached US$15.8 billion in 2022, benefiting from free trade agreements and the 2021 Law on Investment.

The Asian Development Bank predicts the manufacturing sector will grow by 5.8% in 2023 and 7.8% in 2024. Manufacturing also adds vehicle parts, motor cycles and electrical equipment and accessories to the list of exports. Cambodia’s manufacturing production costs are lower than fellow members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), although the sector needs investment to modernise basic assembly lines, to introduce automation and develop supply chains.

International and domestic tourism are strong pillars of Cambodia’s economy. Visitors returned to Cambodia in 2022 as the sector made a strong recovery from COVID, attracting 2.3 million tourists that year compared with 200,000 in 2021 – earning US$1.41 billion. The Ministry of Tourism hopes to see four million tourists in 2023, between 800,000 and one million of which will be Chinese. Preah Sihanouk, Siem Reap and the capital Phnom Penh are the leading cities for attracting tourists.

Cambodia’s iconic UNESCO World Heritage Sites include the Angkor Wat, the Preah Vihear Temple and the Sambor Prei Kuk archaeological park. The pristine beaches and the waterfront along the Gulf of Thailand coast has seen huge Chinese investment in casinos, shopping malls, water parks and luxury island resorts to the detriment, environmentalists feel, of the traditional and unspoilt attractions.

The under-developed mining sector generally comprises small-scale quarrying operations extracting such as marble, granite limestone, gravel and sand for the construction industry. Phosphates, iron ore and manganese are also present. Artisan miners traditionally work independently mining for gold and gemstones. Resources include untapped reserves of natural gas and oil, partly due to Cambodia’s lack of infrastructure to process the commodities.

The National Bank of Cambodia (NBC) oversees commercial banks; specialised banks; microfinance institutions and around 250 rural credit institutions. Additionally the financial landscape also features leasing companies, which are supervised by the NBC. Cambodia has a national currency, the riel, but US dollars are used in over 80% of transactions in the banking and finance sector as well as in general business. Under the guidance of the Asian Development Bank, Cambodia is committed to integrating its finance and banking sectors into the regional financial system to achieve sustainable economic growth over the long term.

Cambodia remains a predominantly agricultural society, with USAID estimating around 60% of the population live in rural areas with 77% of those depending on agriculture, forestry and fisheries for their livelihood.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimated the sector would grow marginally both in 2023 and 2024 to meet increased demand for exported crops. Rice is Cambodia’s major crop, the population’s principal food and an important source of export revenue, with Cambodia ranking in the top 10 rice exporters globally. Other crops include vegetables, cassava, pepper, mango, raw palm oil and maize.

The Main Sectors of the Cambodian Economy

The country focuses on the following key sectors, which all have a significant impact on the country’s economy:

The sector has been lifted by pent-up consumer demand being released after the pandemic, reflected in hospitality and hotel accommodation, food services, wholesale and retail trade and a jump in the numbers of foreign tourists. Increased digital awareness has led to advances in banking, insurance and finance activities, along with business services, real estate, education and healthcare. The services sector is a strong magnet for FDI.

Clothing, textiles, travel goods and footwear are by far the major components of Cambodia’s manufacturing sector and contribute between 70% and 80% to exports and roughly 35% to GDP. The Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation stated that manufacturing output overall reached US$15.8 billion in 2022, benefiting from free trade agreements and the 2021 Law on Investment.

The Asian Development Bank predicts the manufacturing sector will grow by 5.8% in 2023 and 7.8% in 2024. Manufacturing also adds vehicle parts, motor cycles and electrical equipment and accessories to the list of exports. Cambodia’s manufacturing production costs are lower than fellow members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), although the sector needs investment to modernise basic assembly lines, to introduce automation and develop supply chains.

International and domestic tourism are strong pillars of Cambodia’s economy. Visitors returned to Cambodia in 2022 as the sector made a strong recovery from COVID, attracting 2.3 million tourists that year compared with 200,000 in 2021 – earning US$1.41 billion. The Ministry of Tourism hopes to see four million tourists in 2023, between 800,000 and one million of which will be Chinese. Preah Sihanouk, Siem Reap and the capital Phnom Penh are the leading cities for attracting tourists.

Cambodia’s iconic UNESCO World Heritage Sites include the Angkor Wat, the Preah Vihear Temple and the Sambor Prei Kuk archaeological park. The pristine beaches and the waterfront along the Gulf of Thailand coast has seen huge Chinese investment in casinos, shopping malls, water parks and luxury island resorts to the detriment, environmentalists feel, of the traditional and unspoilt attractions.

The under-developed mining sector generally comprises small-scale quarrying operations extracting such as marble, granite limestone, gravel and sand for the construction industry. Phosphates, iron ore and manganese are also present. Artisan miners traditionally work independently mining for gold and gemstones. Resources include untapped reserves of natural gas and oil, partly due to Cambodia’s lack of infrastructure to process the commodities.

The National Bank of Cambodia (NBC) oversees commercial banks; specialised banks; microfinance institutions and around 250 rural credit institutions. Additionally the financial landscape also features leasing companies, which are supervised by the NBC. Cambodia has a national currency, the riel, but US dollars are used in over 80% of transactions in the banking and finance sector as well as in general business. Under the guidance of the Asian Development Bank, Cambodia is committed to integrating its finance and banking sectors into the regional financial system to achieve sustainable economic growth over the long term.

Cambodia remains a predominantly agricultural society, with USAID estimating around 60% of the population live in rural areas with 77% of those depending on agriculture, forestry and fisheries for their livelihood.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimated the sector would grow marginally both in 2023 and 2024 to meet increased demand for exported crops. Rice is Cambodia’s major crop, the population’s principal food and an important source of export revenue, with Cambodia ranking in the top 10 rice exporters globally. Other crops include vegetables, cassava, pepper, mango, raw palm oil and maize.

Commercial Laws in
Cambodia

The Ministry of Economy and Finance:  The authority governs the administration of financial and economic policies in Cambodia. Ministry departments include those responsible for public finance; general taxation; customs and excise; the National Treasury and budgets.

The General Department of Taxation (GDT): Part of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, and is the revenue and taxation authority responsible for imposing taxes and their collection.

The Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training (MLVT): The authority is responsible for enforcing the Labour Law.

The General Department of Labour: Operates within the MLVT and has six departments, including the Labour Inspectorate which has authority over all categories of employees, including voluntary, self-employed and migrant workers. Cambodia has 24 labour offices at provincial and municipal levels, plus district offices, but there is little guidance from the central authority on planning or implementing inspections.

Trade Unions:  Major labour organisations include the Federation of Independent Trade Unions; the Labour Union Federation; the Alliance of Trade Unions, representing workers in the manufacturing sector; the Union Federation; the Workers Labour Federation Union; the Coalition of Apparel Workers Democratic Union.

General requirements

Open-ended contracts can be in written or oral form, but fixed-term contracts must be in writing. Contracts must meet the minimum requirements for benefits and entitlements as set out by the Labour Law and the Law on Social Security. Cambodia’s Civil Code requires that contracts must at least detail the salary, working hours and working conditions. Written contracts for foreigners are required for their work permit.

Commercial Laws in
Cambodia

The Ministry of Economy and Finance:  The authority governs the administration of financial and economic policies in Cambodia. Ministry departments include those responsible for public finance; general taxation; customs and excise; the National Treasury and budgets.

The General Department of Taxation (GDT): Part of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, and is the revenue and taxation authority responsible for imposing taxes and their collection.

The Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training (MLVT): The authority is responsible for enforcing the Labour Law.

The General Department of Labour: Operates within the MLVT and has six departments, including the Labour Inspectorate which has authority over all categories of employees, including voluntary, self-employed and migrant workers. Cambodia has 24 labour offices at provincial and municipal levels, plus district offices, but there is little guidance from the central authority on planning or implementing inspections.

Trade Unions:  Major labour organisations include the Federation of Independent Trade Unions; the Labour Union Federation; the Alliance of Trade Unions, representing workers in the manufacturing sector; the Union Federation; the Workers Labour Federation Union; the Coalition of Apparel Workers Democratic Union.

General requirements

Open-ended contracts can be in written or oral form, but fixed-term contracts must be in writing. Contracts must meet the minimum requirements for benefits and entitlements as set out by the Labour Law and the Law on Social Security. Cambodia’s Civil Code requires that contracts must at least detail the salary, working hours and working conditions. Written contracts for foreigners are required for their work permit.

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